Zothandizira zina za petrochemical
Zothandizira zina za petrochemical
Hydration ndi kachitidwe kamene madzi amaphatikizana ndi chinthu china kupanga molekyulu imodzi.Mamolekyu amadzi omwe ali ndi haidrojeni ndi hydroxyl ndi mamolekyu azinthu zopanda unsaturated chomangira kuwonjezera kupanga mankhwala atsopano, munjira iyi imakhala ndi gawo lothandizira pazinthu zotchedwa hydration chothandizira, njira yophatikizira iyi yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito popanga organic mankhwala.Njira ya hydration ndi imodzi mwa njira zopangira organic, koma monga njira yofunika kwambiri yopangira, imangokhala ndi mitundu ingapo yazinthu, monga ethanol ndi diol.
Kutaya madzi m'thupi kumatha kuchitidwa ndi kutentha kapena chothandizira kapena kuchitapo kanthu ndi dehydrating.Dehydration reaction ndi revers process of hydration reaction, nthawi zambiri endothermic reaction, nthawi zambiri, kutentha kwambiri komanso kuthamanga kwapansi kumathandizira zomwe zimachitika.Kuphatikiza apo, njira zambiri zochepetsera madzi m'thupi ziyenera kuchitika pamaso pa zolimbikitsa.Chothandizira ntchito hydration ndondomeko - asidi chothandizira ndi oyenera madzi m`thupi, ambiri ntchito ndi sulfuric asidi, asidi phosphoric, okusayidi zotayidwa ndi zina zotero.Zothandizira zosiyanasiyana zimakhala ndi zinthu zazikulu zosiyana komanso kusankha kwakukulu.
Alkylation ndi kusamutsa gulu la alkyl kuchoka ku molekyulu kupita ku ina.Zomwe gulu la alkyl (methyl, ethyl, etc.) limalowetsedwa mu molekyulu.Alkylation agents omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'makampani ndi olefin, halane, alkyl sulfate ester, etc.
Mu ndondomeko yoyenga bwino, dongosolo la alkylation limaphatikiza ma alkenes otsika kwambiri (makamaka propylene ndi butene) ndi isobutane pogwiritsa ntchito chothandizira (sulfonic kapena hydrofluoric acid) kupanga alkylates (makamaka octanes apamwamba, alkanes am'mbali).Zotsatira za alkylation zitha kugawidwa mu matenthedwe alkylation ndi catalytic alkylation.Chifukwa cha kutentha kwambiri kwa matenthedwe a alkylation reaction, ndikosavuta kupanga pyrolysis ndi machitidwe ena am'mbali, kotero njira yothandizira alkylation imatengedwa m'makampani.
Chifukwa sulfuric acid ndi hydrofluoric acid ali ndi asidi wamphamvu, dzimbiri la zida ndizovuta kwambiri.Chifukwa chake, pakuwona kupanga kotetezeka komanso kutetezedwa kwa chilengedwe, zolimbikitsa ziwirizi sizothandiza.Pakadali pano, superacid yolimba imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chothandizira cha alkylation, koma sichinafike pamlingo wogwiritsa ntchito mafakitale mpaka pano.
Kutembenuka kwa isomer imodzi ndi inzake.Njira yosinthira mawonekedwe a pawiri popanda kusintha kapangidwe kake kapena kulemera kwake.Kusintha kwa malo a atomu kapena gulu mu molekyulu yachilengedwe.Nthawi zambiri pamaso pa catalysts.
Mtundu umodzi wa hydrocarbon ukhoza kusinthidwa kukhala mitundu iwiri ya hydrocarbon yosiyana pogwiritsa ntchito njira yosiyanitsira, kotero kusagwirizana ndi njira imodzi yofunikira yoyendetsera kasamalidwe ndi kufunikira kwa hydrocarbon mumakampani.Ntchito zofunika kwambiri ndi toluene disproportionation kuonjezera kupanga xylene ndi kupanga mkulu chiyero benzene nthawi imodzi, ndi propylene disproportionation kupanga triolefin njira za polima kalasi ethylene ndi mkulu chiyero butene.Kusintha kwa toluene kukhala benzene ndi xylene nthawi zambiri kumagwiritsa ntchito silicon aluminiyamu chothandizira.Pakali pano, kafukufuku wotchuka kwambiri ndi molecular sieve chothandizira, monga meridionite-mtundu wa silk molecular sieve.
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